Download sysbench from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/sysbench/
Sysbench need mysql-devel installed
# yum install mysql-devel
Following commands to install sysbench
# aclocal
# libtoolize --force --copy
sysbench_installation_root_folder > ./autogen.sh
sysbench_installation_root_folder > ./configure
sysbench_installation_root_folder > make
sysbench_installation_root_folder > make install
Example: Benchmark MySQL
1. Create test table in database test with 1.000.000 records
# sysbench --test=oltp --oltp-table-size=1000000 --mysql-db=test --mysql-user=root --mysql-password=mypassword prepare
2. Benchmark MySQL follow command
# sysbench --test=oltp --oltp-table-size=1000000 --mysql-db=test --mysql-user=root --mysql-password=mypassword --max-time=60 --oltp-read-only=on --max-requests=0 --num-threads=8 run
3. Clean up DB afterwards
# sysbench --test=oltp --mysql-db=test --mysql-user=root --mysql-password=mypassword cleanup
B1: Cài đặt Tomcat
Cài đặt Tomcat phân chia thành các thư mục khác nhau, ví dụ /var/tomcat/serverA và /var/tomcat/serverB. Trong đó các thư mục serverA, serverB cần có những thư mục nội dung và cấu hình sau: bin, lib, conf, logs, temp, webapps, work
Xem thêm: Cách cài đặt Tomcat7
B2: Thay đổi port
Mỗi Instance sẽ lắng nghe trên các port khác nhau, cần phải thay đổi để không bị xung đột. Có 3 port cần phải đổi là
- shutdown port: Port này được dùng bở tiến trình java khi tomcat chạy. Khi script shutdown.sh được thực hiện, tomcat sẽ gửi tín hiện kết thúc thông qua port này. Ví dụ 8005
- connector port: Port dùng để kết nối tới tomcat từ xa (trình duyệt). Ví dụ 8080
- ajp port: Port dùng khi apache httpd server liên lạc với tomcat, sử dụng để tạo loadbalancer. Ví dụ: 8009
Bạn cần sử file conf/server.xml thay đổi port
B3: Tạo init script cho mỗi Instance
#!/bin/bash
# description: Tomcat Start Stop Restart
# processname: tomcat
# chkconfig: 234 20 80
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17/
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH
CATALINA_HOME=/usr/share/tomcat7
case $1 in
start)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
;;
stop)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
;;
restart)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
;;
esac
exit 0
------------------------
#!/bin/bash
# description: Tomcat Start Stop Restart
# processname: tomcat
# chkconfig: 234 20 80
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17/
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH
CATALINA_BASE=/usr/share/tomcat7-new
case $1 in
start)
sh $CATALINA_BASE/bin/startup.sh
;;
stop)
sh $CATALINA_BASE/bin/shutdown.sh
;;
restart)
sh $CATALINA_BASE/bin/shutdown.sh
sh $CATALINA_BASE/bin/startup.sh
;;
esac
exit 0
This post will cover installing and basic configuration of apache-tomcat-7.0.30
If you do not already have the Java Development Kit (JDK) installed on your machine, you will need to download and install the required JDK for your platform.
If you do have the JDK installed, you can skip to: Step 2: Download and Install the apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Step 1: Install the JDK
[root@station1 Downloads]# rpm -ivh jdk-7u7-linux-x64.rpm
-->
[root@station1 Downloads]# JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17
[root@station1 Downloads]# export JAVA_HOME
[root@station1 Downloads]# PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@station1 Downloads]# export PATH
[root@station1 Downloads]# vim /root/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17/
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH
#PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
#export PATH
Restart or logout and login
[root@station1 Downloads]# echo $JAVA_HOME
/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17/
Step 2: Download and Unpack apache-tomcat-7.0.30 (or latest)
[root@station1 Downloads]# tar -xzvf apache-tomcat-7.0.30.tar.gz
[root@station1 Downloads]# mv apache-tomcat-7.0.30 /usr/share/
[root@station1 Downloads]# vim /etc/init.d/tomcat
#!/bin/bash
# description: Tomcat Start Stop Restart
# processname: tomcat
# chkconfig: 234 20 80
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH
CATALINA_HOME=/usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
case $1 in
start)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
;;
stop)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
;;
restart)
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
;;
esac
exit 0
[root@station1 ~]# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/tomcat
[root@station1 ~]# chkconfig --add tomcat
[root@station1 ~]# chkconfig --level 234 tomcat on
[root@station1 ~]# chkconfig --list tomcat
tomcat 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:off 6:off
[root@station1 ~]# service tomcat stop
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@station1 ~]# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@station1 ~]# service tomcat restart
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_17
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_07
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
For logs
[root@station1 ~]# less /usr/share/apache-tomcat-7.0.30/logs/catalina.out
We can now access the Tomcat Manager page at http://127.0.0.1:8080
------------
his is for dual boot os users, there are many who prefers dual boot to keep another OS optional. For any reason if you wish to change boot sequence unlike grub, grub2 requires couple of commands to run.
Here will take example to keep Windows as default boot.
First of all find menuentry for Windows
cat/boot/grub2/grub.cfg |grep Windows
|
result:-
menuentry "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sda1)"--class windows --class os {
|
Set Windows menuentry as default (only entry mentioned in either " or 'from above command)
grub2-set-default "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sda1)"
|
Verify default entry
Generate updated grub.cfg
grub2-mkconfig -o/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
|
Below is to set Fedora as default boot
cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg |grep Fedora
grub2-set-default "Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.i686"
grub2-editenv list
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
|
vSphere 5.1: vMotion without Shared Storage
Windows Server 2012 & Hyper-V 3.0 Live Migration
XenServer Storage Motion (block migration) on OpenStack
Hypervisor competition is really starting to heat up. VMware just released vSphere 5.1 and Microsoft has recently released Windows Server 2012 and the new version of Hyper-V. A significant new feature available now in Hyper-V / Windows 2012 is a new disk format VHDX, which has a maximum size of 64TB. With the new filesystem in Windows Server 2012 (ReFS) the maximum volume size increases to 256TB ( NTFS was limited to 16TB @ 4K cluster size). So how does vSphere 5 and 5.1 compare and what are the key considerations and gotchas? What are the implications for business critical applications? Read on to find out.
Before we get started I’d like to say this article isn’t going to cover performance of large volumes. But rather the argument for supporting larger than 2TB individual virtual disks and large volumes. There are many considerations around performance, and I will cover some of the implications when you start to scale up volume size, but for particular performance design considerations I’d like to recommend you read my article titled Storage Sizing Considerations when Virtualizing Business Critical Applications.
The Case for Larger than 2TB Virtual Disks
Recently I have been having an interesting debate with some of my VCDX peers on the merits and reasons for having larger than 2TB virtual disk support in vSphere. As of vSphere 5 VMware supports 64TB VMFS5 datastores, and 64TB Physical Mode (Pass-through) Raw Device Maps (RDM’s), but the largest single VMDK file supported on a VMFS5 volume is still 2TB-512b (hereon after referred to as 2TB). The same 2TB limit applies to virtual mode RDMs also. In this debate I’ve been suggesting that for now “most” applications can be supported with the 2TB virtual disk limit. If larger than 2TB volumes are required for a VM that is very easily accommodated with in guest volume managers and device concatenation of multiple 2TB disks, or using an alternative to VMFS. However realistically this can only go so far. I plan to cover both the pros and the cons as I see them.
Pros:
- Support for an individual VM with larger than 120TB storage requirements, which is the theoretical limit with 4 x vSCSI controllers, each with 15 disks (60 disks total) at the maximum size of 2TB each. You’ll find out why it’s a theoretical limit later.
- Easier to manage less devices and less volumes and space can potentially be more efficiently utilised.
- No need to use in guest volume managers for very large volumes.
- Easier to support very large individual files >2TB without the use of in guest volume managers.
- It could be argued that losing one 2TB device from a in guest managed volume has the same risk profile as losing a single large volume of the same size as in both cases the entire volume is potentially lost.
Cons:
- Larger individual devices and volumes take longer to backup and restore. This may require a major change in data protection architecture.
- Larger volumes will potentially take longer to replicate and recover in a DR scenario.
- The risk profile of losing a large volume or device is significantly higher than losing a smaller device or volume. Losing a single smaller device where no volume manager is being used results in only the small device having to be recovered instead of everything.
- Larger individual devices still have the same number of IO queues to the vSCSI controller which effectively limits their performance. This increases the risk of running out of performance before running out of capacity (until ultra low latency solid state flash storage is of massive capacity and abundantly available anyway).
- Significantly harder to take snapshots. A snapshot could still grow to be equally as large as the original virtual disk. This is probably one of the more significant reasons that VMware hasn’t yet introduced VMDK’s above 2TB.
- Significantly longer to check disk for integrity if there is any type of corruption, how will it be recovered if it’s very large?
- Impact on Storage vMotion times.
In my opinion the arguments are pretty even. But as I always err on the side of performance, and I think having more devices of a smaller size in a lot of cases is a better option as this gives you far more access to more queues and more parallel IO channels. However this is only relevant for some applications, mostly OLTP and messaging type applications. File servers, data warehousing, big data and the like may well benefit greatly from larger volume sizes, and it would make those applications significantly easier to manage. But the requirements will all be driven by the applications and at the moment I only see a very small minority of workloads require storage capacities that would justify very large individual SCSI devices and where the performance tradeoffs from an IO parallelism perspective are acceptable. Most of those corner cases have a suitable alternative for now (discussed below).
Options for Larger than 2TB Volumes
So if you’ve looked at the requirements for your application and you decide that you need a volume larger than 2TB, what are your options with vSphere 5.x?
- Using one or more VMFS volumes with virtual disks up to 2TB and in guest volume managers to concatenate them. Implications: The more devices the more storage IO queues and potentially the more performance. Oracle RAC vMotion Supported. Theoretically supports up to 120TB storage per VM.
- Physical Mode RDM – Support up to 64TB individual device, more than 3PB per VM.Implications: No Storage vMotion, No Hypervisor Snapshot Support, No Cloning, No vSphere API’s for Data Protection Support (vADP), No vCloud Director Support, No FT Support, No Oracle RAC vMotion Support, No Clustering vMotion Support.
- In Guest iSCSI – Supports up to 16TB or greater individual devices depending on iSCSI target. Implications: No Storage vMotion (of iSCSI devices), No Hypervisor Snapshot Support (of iSCSI devices), No Cloning (of iSCSI devices), No vSphere API’s for Data Protection Support (vADP) (of iSCSI devices), vCloud Director Supported, FT Supported, vMotion Supported, Clustering vMotion Support, higher CPU utilization.
- In Guest NFS – Supports very large volumes depending on the array. Implications: No Storage vMotion (of NFS devices), No Hypervisor Snapshot Support (of NFS devices), No Cloning (of NFS devices), No vSphere API’s for Data Protection Support (vADP) (of NFS devices), vCloud Director Supported, FT Supported, vMotion Supported, Oracle RAC vMotion Support, higher CPU utilization.
You can’t evaluate the alternatives in isolation and to be fair they are workarounds that you wouldn’t even have to consider if larger than 2TB VMDK’s were possible. Physical Mode RDM’s in particular have operational implications, especially as you can’t use hypervisor snapshots, cloning, and no backup API integration, just to name a few. So any alternative you choose needs to be thoroughly considered.
The Gotcha with VMFS
If you are going to have databases or systems with large disk footprints (and have multiple per host) you may need to modify the ESXi VMFS Heap Size by changing the advanced setting VMFS3.MaxHeapSizeMB. Review KB 1004424 and Jason Boche’s article Monster VMs & ESX(i) Heap Size: Trouble In Storage Paradise. Currently VMFS5 is limited to a maximum of25TB of virtual disks open per host (Yes per host). With a default setting allowing only 8TB of VMDK’s to be open per host. This means even if it is acceptable to you for a single VM to have multiple virtual disks of 2TB and using in guest volume managers you would not be able to configure or open more than 25TB total maximum on a single host (was 32TB with VMFS3). This is why the limit of 120TB per VM on VMFS is at this point purely theoretical.
If you want to work around this limitation you will need to adopt option 2, 3 or 4 above or use virtual mode RDMs. The reason is this limit is purely with VMFS and doesn’t impact RDM’s (physical or virtual) or in guest iSCSI or NFS.
[Updated 20/09/2012] A great example where it would be good to be able to support > 25TB VMDK’s per host and > 2TB per VMDK is where a customer has a requirement such as virtualizing 20 x 4TB File Servers. Each fileserver may not need much in the way or RAM or CPU, but does need a decent amount of storage. In theory these 20 VM’s could easily be consolidated on a single host (although wouldn’t be for availability requirements), but because the VMFS limitation this is not possible, and due to the limit of 2TB per VMDK limit you will require a minimum of 2 VMDK’s per VM. It may be more convenient to have a single 4TB VMDK for these types of servers. One option is to design for a consolidation ration of 5:1 and size the physical hosts accordingly, making sure to increase the default VMFS heap size. However this would introduce additional operational costs and effort. This brings us back to option 2, 3 and 4 above again. In this case vRDM may be a better option than pRDM even with the 2TB limit as it allows easy migration to VMFS / VMDK’s in the future. pRDM would have the advantage of reducing the number of LUNs in total required for the VM’s, which might be 60 LUNs in total, not taking into account other VM’s and LUNs in the cluster (which could bring them close to the 256 LUN limit per host), but with a tradeoff of a harder migration path in the future.
Final Word
Microsoft appears to have put the cat squarely among the pigeons in terms of large virtual disk storage support with their latest release of Windows 2012 and Hyper-V. In this respect VMware is indeed playing catch up. But are greater than 2TB virtual disks really required right now for most applications? In my opinion no. For the majority of applications the existing vSphere hypervisor can adequately cater for their size and performance needs. But this is only going to last so long. There are some good use cases documented in Cormac Hogan’s blog article How Much Storage Can I Present to a Virtual Machine.
Most applications in my experience, especially the performance and latency sensitive messaging and OLTP database applications would benefit more from a greater number of SCSI devices and queues. In their case supporting more than 256 datastores per host would be of benefit, especially if there are multiple of them all grouped in a cluster. The benefits of using VMFS and virtual disks are compelling and not being able to support very large virtual disks is definitely going to be a major problem in the future, considering VMFS5 already supports 64TB volumes. Especially considering the explosive growth of data. But do we want larger virtual disks and to sacrifice functionality, such as snapshots? I don’t think so. I hope that VMware will support larger virtual disks, even if they increase it up to 4TB or 16TB, and without sacrificing functionality. However in the meantime the alternatives such as RDMs and in guest storage access will fill the gap for some of the minority of workloads that need it, with the resulting trade offs in functionality. For those workloads where the workarounds are unacceptable they may not be virtualization candidates, at least on vSphere anyway, till some of these problems are solved.
Just because you can do something doesn’t mean you necessarily should. The back end array architecture needs to be considered and so does the data protection and disaster recovery protection aspects of the solution. It’s not good having a massive volume and a massive amount of storage per VM if you can’t protect that data and recovery it in a reasonable timeframe when required. I would like to know of your use cases that require greater than 2TB virtual disks and of your very large data Monster VM’s. Hopefully if there are enough customers that require larger than 2TB VMDK’s VMware will implement the necessary changes.
Here is what I’d like to see from VMware (In no particular order):
- Larger than 2TB VMDK Support
- More than 4 vSCSI Controllers per VM
- More than 256 SCSI Devices per Host
I would be very interested to get your feedback on this.
update-rc.d is the utility that Debian provides to manage SystemV init scripts. If you are familiar with Redhat's chkconfig then you're half way to understanding how to use it. Here's how: Say you have a new service called "waffles" that you would like to start at boot time. Make sure that the file "/etc/init.d/waffles" exists. If this was debian package installed via apt you can almost be sure that this exists, if this was an installation from source, you may need to create your own init script or find a provided example, but this is outside of our scope. So let's say that this init script exists. Here is the simple command that you can type to make your service run at boot time.
# update-rc.d waffles defaults
This will make sure that when your system reaches runlevel 2, 3, 4 or 5 that the waffles service will start up and that in runlevel 0, 1 or 6 it will be stopped. So you're done with your waffles and you would like to stop them from starting up tomorrow morning when you reboot? Just issue this simple command to remove it from starting up at boot time:
# update-rc.d waffles remove
It's as simple as that, but sometimes you would like to make your setup a bit more complicated. Say for instance you don't want waffles to start up in runlevels 2 or 3? You could run the following command:
# update-rc.d waffles start 45 stop 01236
Waffles will start up when your system reaches runlevels 4 or 5, but stop at 0, 1, 2, 3 or 6. One last thing though, if you do not like the way update-rc.d functions or if you would just prefer a graphical interface, try installing rcconf ( apt-get install rcconf ). This tool is a graphical interface that can be used from the shell to configure your System V style init scripts.
Purpose
This article discusses some of the common questions that arise when migrating virtual machines that utilize Raw Device Mappings (RDMs).
Migrating of virtual machines with RDMs can be performed in three ways:
- Warm migration (vMotion), with the virtual machine powered on.
- Cold migration, with the virtual machine powered off.
- Storage migration (Storage vMotion), with the virtual machine powered on.
Resolution
Trong Linux, file fstab nằm tại thư mục /etc. Bài viết này sẽ tìm hiểu nội dung và cách chỉnh sửa thông tin trong file này và ngụ ý rằng bạn đã biết cơ bản về lệnh mount (xem lại bài “Làm sao để mount/unmount filesystem trong Linux”).
1. Giới thiệu
File cấu hình /etc/fstab chứa thông tin về các thiết bị (phân vùng ổ cứng, CD/DVD, USB, ISO image…) trên máy tính bao gồm:
+ Đường dẫn tới file đại diện cho thiết bị.
+ Mount point: cho biết thiết bị được mount vào thư mục nào.
+ Các tùy chọn (option): chỉ ra thiết bị được mount như thế nào?
v.v..
Nếu bạn không thể truy cập các phân vùng dành cho Windows (NTFS, FAT), hoặc không thể mount ổ DVD, ghi dữ liệu vào USB, đọc file từ ổ mềm… thì có thể chip nhớ trên thiết bị bị lỗi hoặc cũng có thể bạn đã cấu hình file fstab không đúng cách!
fstab là file dạng văn bản (plain text), vì thế bạn có thể mở và chỉnh sửa nó sử dụng bất kỳ công cụ Text Editor nào với điều kiện bạn phải có đặc quyền root để lưu lại những thay đổi. Nếu bạn đang đăng nhập với tài khoản người dùng thông thường thì có thể sử dụng 2 lệnh suhoặc sudo để tạm thời chuyển sang đặc quyền root.
2. Cấu trúc của file /etc/fstab
Vì mỗi hệ thống có các thiết bị khác nhau nên thông tin trong file fstab ở mỗi máy cũng khác nhau. Nhưng về cơ bản, khi bạn nắm được định dạng chung của fstab thì không có gì khó khăn khi xem thông tin trong file này trên các hệ thống khác. Khi lệnh mount được thực thi, hệ thống sẽ đọc thông tin trong file fstab để đưa ra cách xử lý tương ứng. Đây là 1 ví dụ về nội dung của file:

Như bạn thấy, mỗi dòng trong file fstab chứa thông tin về một thiết bị. Các cột ở mỗi hàng được phân cách bởi khoảng trắng. Thứ tự các dòng là không quan trọng. Sau đây phần giải thích kỹ hơn ý nghĩa của từng cột:
+ Cột 1: cho biết loại thiết bị (phân vùng, CD/DVD, USB, ISO image…). Đồng thời cũng cho biết đường dẫn tới file đại diện cho thiết bị (device file) . Trong Linux, mọi tài nguyên phần cứng lẫn phần mềm đều được xem là file, các device file thường nằm ở thư mục /dev
+ Cột 2: đường dẫn của mount point, là một thư mục trống được tạo sẵn trong cây thư mục. Khi gõ lệnh mount, nếu bạn không chỉ định rõ mount point thì đây là mount point mặc định cho thiết bị ở cột 1. Thư mục chứa mount point thường là /mnt hay /media , mặc dù bạn có thể mount thiết bị vào bất cứ thư mục trống nào.
+ Cột 3: là kiểu filesystem của thiết bị. Linux hỗ trợ nhiều kiểu filesystem, dưới đây là 1 số filesystem phổ biến:
- Ext2 và Ext3: điểm khác biệt lớn nhất giữa 2 loại filesystem này là ext3 hỗ trợ tính năngjournaling, tức là khi bạn tắt máy không đúng cách (do cúp điện đột ngột, hệ thống bị treo nên phải nhấn nút khởi động lại…) thì khả năng mất mát dữ liệu ở mức thấp, đồng thời hệ điều hành sẽ không phải tốn thời gian để kiểm tra, tìm lỗi trên filesystem trong lần khởi động kế tiếp.
- ReiserFS: cũng hỗ trợ tính năng journaling nhưng có thêm nhiều tính năng nổi trội hơn so với ext3. Ngày nay ext3, ReiserFS được chọn là filesystem mặc định trên nhiều bản phân phối Linux.
- swap: phân vùng làm không gian bộ nhớ ảo, dùng để bổ sung thêm bộ nhớ cho hệ thống khi hệ điều hành phát hiện việc thiếu hụt bộ nhớ RAM.
- Vfat (FAT16, FAT32) và NTFS: đây là các filesystem được Windows hỗ trợ.
- nfs: dành cho các tài nguyên ở xa, được chia sẻ qua mạng sử dụng NFS
- auto: đây không phải là 1 filesytem. Nó có nghĩa là hệ thống sẽ tự động nhận diện loại filesystem của thiết bị khi thiết bị đó được mount.
+ Cột 4: là các tùy chọn khi mount.
Nếu có nhiều tùy chọn thì chúng được phân cách bởi dấu phẩy. Dưới đây là 1 số tùy chọn đáng chú ý:
- auto: tự động mount thiết bị khi máy tính khởi động.
- noauto: không tự động mount, nếu muốn sử dụng thiết bị thì sau khi khởi động vào hệ thống bạn cần chạy lệnh mount.
- user: cho phép người dùng thông thường được quyền mount.
- nouser: chỉ có người dùng root mới có quyền mount.
- exec: cho phép chạy các file nhị phân (binary) trên thiết bị.
- noexec: không cho phép chạy các file binary trên thiết bị.
- ro (read-only): chỉ cho phép quyền đọc trên thiết bị.
- rw (read-write): cho phép quyền đọc/ghi trên thiết bị.
- sync: thao tác nhập xuất (I/O) trên filesystem được đồng bộ hóa.
- async: thao tác nhập xuất (I/O) trên filesystem diễn ra không đồng bộ.
- defaults: tương đương với tập các tùy chọn rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async
+ Cột 5 là tùy chọn cho chương trình dump, công cụ sao lưu filesystem. Điền 0: bỏ qua việc sao lưu, 1: thực hiện sao lưu.
+ Cột 6 là tùy chọn cho chương trình fsck, công cụ dò lỗi trên filesystem. Điền 0: bỏ qua việc kiểm tra, 1: thực hiện kiểm tra
Kết luận:
File /etc/fstab cung cấp các chỉ dẫn cho hệ điều hành trong việc nhận diện, quản lý việc mount các thiết bị. Đồng thời việc cấu hình lại file fstab cũng giúp ích cho bạn trong việc giảm bớt thời gian mount thiết bị bằng lệnh cũng như là kiểm soát việc truy cập tới thiết bị của người dùng.
–manthang
According to the certification roadmap on My Learn, VMware will add some new certification in the near future. The new certifications are:
Cloud Certifications
- VCP – Cloud
- VCAP – Cloud Infrastructure Administration
- VCAP – Cloud Infrastructure Design
- VCAP – Cloud Governance
- VCDX – Cloud
End User Computing
- VCAP – Desktop Administration
- VCAP – Desktop Design
- VCDX – Desktop
See the picture below for the complete roadmap of VMware certifications.

http://mylearn.vmware.com/portals/certification/